For example, it could be a congenital defect like spina bifida, or an acquired one like a skull fracture, where there might be CSF leaking through the sinuses.
VUR can be the result of a primary congenital defect or it can be caused by bladder outlet obstruction, which increases pressure in the bladder and distorts the valve.
Among babies, VSDs are actually the most common congenital defect overall, but 30 to 50% of VSDs can spontaneously close during childhood, which makes ventricular defects less common with adults.
" We've been able to use it with selected groups of kids to help to explain some of the congenital heart defects and the surgeries that our team performs here at Stanford" .